Paul Revere free essay sample

Worship went to the North Writing School in Boston and afterward was instructed by his dad to be a silversmith. Venerates father kicked the bucket when he was youthful and Paul assumed control over his exchange and turned into the leader of his family unit. In 1756, at age 21 , Paul Revere joined the French and Indian Wars. The Canadians who as of now were possessed by the French ceaselessly assaulted British America. These wars regularly reflected what was going on in Europe 3,000 miles away. Adore came back to Boston in the winter and wedded Sarah Erne and returned to silversmith.DO In 1763 the French and Indian War finished, the settlements were successful. Be that as it may, Englands treasury had been seriously drained by the numerous wars it had been associated with and England chose to renew her coffers by burdening the states. In 1765 Britain forced a duty The Stamp Act; this implied all papers (marriage endorsements, papers, bills of offer, needed to have an uncommon English stamp on them to be lawful). We will compose a custom article test on Paul Revere or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Agitation was noticeable all around now. The pioneers were enraged about this duty particularly as they had no delegate in the British Parliament.When ships conveying the stamps showed up in Boston Paul Revere, Sam Adams and numerous different Patriots shaped a gathering named The Sons of Liberty. This gathering walked through the roads fighting the Stamp Act. They probably established a connection with the Parliament on the grounds that in 1766 the Stamp Act was disavowed. The settlements celebrated and things came back to typical. Advertisement Peace was fleeting however; after a year in 1 767, the British again forced new duties, there were additional charges for glass, paint, paper and tea. Boston was presently in a period of downturn and individuals were done burning through cash on extravagance things like silver, so Paul Revere needed to get another line of work. He went to dentistry however he likewise started to imprint copper plates with funnies removing British fighters trying and neglecting to gather charges from American pioneers. Strain was exceptionally high in Boston between the British warriors and American Patriots and one day when pressures arrived at their limit troopers and regular people started to battle, the fighters shot their weapons, and 5 individuals lay dead in the snow that night.Paul Revere engraved this scene onto a copper plate recommending that he had been available. After the battle or The Boston Massacre the British, attempting to keep the harmony canceled all the assessments aside from the expense on tea. The pilgrims were as yet incensed about their absence of portrayal on the British Parliament. At the point when three boats stacked wi th English tea showed up in Boston, three loyalist ships, one of them drove by Paul Revere, set out. They paddled through the harbor, boarded the English boats and in the dead of night deliberately dumped 342 chests of tea into the Boston Harbor.The Boston Tea Party was effective. Paul Revere at that point began on the first of numerous rides for the American Revolution. He was sent to caution different states on the coast about what had occurred in Boston and to caution them that the British may attempt to empty tea at their docks. This first excursion was effective and the Paul Revere heritage as conceived. In 1775 English soldiers were showing up in Boston by the boatload and little fights were separating out and down the countryside.On April 18, 1775 the Sons of Liberty found out about a British intend to storm Lexington and Concord to appropriate the radicals military supplies and to catch American pioneers Sam Adams and John Hancock and capture them for treachery against the crown. Paul Revere and another man; William Dates would endeavor to caution the two towns about the looming assault. The arrangement was to drape lights in the Old North Church steeple: one lamp if the British went by and two lamps if the British went via ocean. Paul Revere educated the congregation sexton that the British would go by water and afterward set out to inform the towns.Revere was paddled over the Charleston River and afterward met individual revolutionaries who gave him a quick pony, which he took and set off for Lexington spreading the alert to close by farmhouses en route. English troopers sought after Revere as he rode yet he surpassed them and made it to Lexington securely. Similarly as Revere wrapped up the towns occupants, including Samuel Adams and John Hancock, Dates showed up. The two horsemen set off for Concord together joined by a youthful specialist, Samuel Prescott. Before long, in any case, British troopers who dwarfed them assaulted the three men and the Americans were caught.The three men attempted one final strategy, they split up; Revere riding to the forested areas, Dates back toward Lexington and Prescott towards Concord. Dates was tossed from his pony however figured out how to escape back to Lexington. Prescott got through the British lines and figured out how to caution Concord and the greater part of the encompassing towns. Paul was to ride through the forested areas and afterward hover back to Concord however 10 British warriors trapped him. Adore and in general different Patriots were caught however the British discharged them and they came back to Lexington.Paul Revere returned so as to guarantee Hammocks and Adams break to wellbeing, he was planning to ride back to Boston when a representative educated him that John Hammocks trunk which was loaded up with rebel plans had been overlooked and that the British were drawing nearer. Adore hustled back and was conveying the chest to wellbeing when the shot heard round the world was discharged. After the fights that followed Revere came back to Boston. Worship took a lot more excursions for the Americans and helped enlist any fighters from towns and urban areas all over the coast. He likewise engraved the principal coins of American currency.In January of 1776 Revere made the main industrial facility in America that made black powder and by May it was delivering explosive for the American armed force. Respect now 41 made no more rides for the Revolution. Rather he was provided order of Castle Island in Boston Harbor. In 1 778 Revere was reassigned to order the gunnery in a campaign to free Newport, Rhode Island from the British. The Americans were vanquished and Revere returned to Boston. After a year in August of 1779, Revere again changed the gunnery in another undertaking, this one to Casting, Maine.As they cruised up the coast, the British trapped from behind the boats. During the fight, Revere was isolated from his boat and the men he Was instructing. Just later did they find one another and started the stroll back to Boston. More awful was at this point to come however. At the point when Revere showed up in Boston he was meet with allegations of weakness and unsolder-like conduct. Paul was released from the military and he was advised specialists would glance in to his case. For a long time Revere works in his shop as the Revolutionary War was matured around him. At long last on October 19, 1781 the English gave up and the Americans were free!Then a while later in February 1 782 Revere went to preliminary and his charges were dropped. In the years that followed Revere lived in Boston working in his shop. At that point when he was 65 Paul started a new position; he was helping the U. S. Gather a naval force. The main issue was the copper sheets used to equip the boats base must be imported from England and were over the top expensive. Respect constructed the principal factory in America that could roll these copper sheets. It was fruitful and the U. S. Naval force developed in size. Love kept on helping his nation for an amazing remainder. Paul Revere free paper test A while ago when the days were spent observing little Paul Jar. What's more, his dad work perpetually at their silversmith shop just kept going two or three months into our marriage. When had our first youngster together, Joshua, Paul was at that point riding that horse as a messenger for the Boston Committee of Public Safety. In our year and a half of marriage, Paul had just set out on in excess of 9 outings and had gone similar to New York and Philadelphia. With the early indications of the Revolution, for example, the Destruction of Tea in Boston and the stain with the British, Paul got more associated with the ammonites than I expected.I even attempted to persuade Paul that his campaigns were turning into a danger to the family, however Paul demanded that Dry. Warrens demands were legitimate and significant At times I felt like was rivaling Dry. Warren for his consideration. It wasnt until the evening Of April eighteenth, 1775 that understood the significance of Palls administrations. We will compose a custom article test on Paul Revere or then again any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page May 24, 1810 The last time I conversed with Paul before I fled out of Boston, was the night prior to his notorious ride. We had been persistently contending about his contribution with the Boston Committee and even mulled over leaving him. When I got up on the morning of April eighteenth, Paul was long gone.I continued with my standard exercises while I envisioned Paul some place out riding with Dry. Warren. At the point when he didnt appear for supper, I was in reality sort of soothed that would not need to manage another battle emitting. Be that as it may, at 1 PRNG, began to get stressed and by the morning was getting together our most significant assets to escape out of Boston. That morning heard stories of 3 men riding during that time to caution of the British appearance, much to my dismay that Paul was one of them. Paul, alongside William Dates and Samuel Prescott began their excursion to Lexington at 1 pm on April eighteenth 1 775, upon directions from Dry. Warren.Paul was told to caution John Hancock and Samuel Adams Of moving toward British boats. As he rode through Charleston, ensuring his admonition framework was in play. The earlier end of the week he had organized two lamps to be dangled from the ringer tower of Christ Church in Boston as a notice that British were showing up via ocean as opposed to land. With everything going as arranged, at 12 PM Paul rode through Lexington, while g

Satraps of the Persian Empire

Satraps of the Persian Empire A satrap was a common representative during old Persian majestic times. Each controlled a territory, otherwise called a satrapy. Satraps have managed the different areas of Persia in various periods for a fantastically extensive stretch of time, from the age of the Median Empire, 728 to 559 BCE, through the Buyid Dynasty, 934 to 1062 CE. At various occasions, satraps regions inside Persias domain have extended from the fringes of India in the east to Yemen in the south, and west to Libya. Satraps Under Cyrus the Great Despite the fact that the Medes appear to be the primary individuals in history to have split their properties into territories, with singular common pioneers, the arrangement of satrapies truly made its mark during the hour of the Achaemenid Empire (here and there known as the Persian Empire), c. 550 to 330 BCE. Under the Achaemenid Empires author, Cyrus the Great, Persia was isolated into 26 satrapies. The satraps administered for the sake of the lord and paid tribute to the focal government. Achaemenid satraps had significant power. They claimed and controlled the land in their territories, consistently in the rulers name. They filled in as the central adjudicator for their district, mediating debates and declaring the disciplines for different crimes. Satraps likewise gathered expenses, delegated and evacuated neighborhood authorities, and policed the streets and open spaces.â To keep the satraps from practicing an excessive amount of intensity and perhaps in any event, testing the rulers authority, every satrap offered an explanation to a regal secretary, known as the eye of the king. In expansion, the CFO and the general responsible for troops for each satrapy revealed legitimately to the lord, as opposed to the satrap.â Development and Weakening of the Empire Under Darius the Great, the Achaemenid Empire extended to 36 satrapies. Darius regularized the tribute framework, relegating each satrapy a standard sum as indicated by its monetary potential and populace. In spite of the controls set up, as the Achaemenid Empire debilitated, the satraps started to practice more self-governance and neighborhood control. Artaxerxes II (r. 404 - 358 BCE), for instance, confronted what is known as the Revolt of the Satraps somewhere in the range of 372 and 382 BCE, with uprisings in Cappadocia (presently in Turkey), Phrygia (additionally in Turkey), and Armenia. Maybe most broadly, when Alexander the Greatâ of Macedon abruptly kicked the bucket in 323 BCE, his officers split his domain into satrapies. They did this to maintain a strategic distance from a progression battle. Since Alexander didn't have a beneficiary; under the satrapy framework, every one of the Macedonian or Greek officers would have a domain to run under the Persian title of satrap. The Hellenistic satrapies were a lot littler than those of the Persian satrapies, however. These Diadochi, or replacements, administered their satrapies until individually they fell somewhere in the range of 168 and 30 BCE. At the point when the Persian individuals lost Hellenistic ruleâ and brought together again as the Parthian Empire (247 BCE - 224 CE), they held the satrapy framework. Truth be told, Parthia was initially a satrapy in northeastern Persia, which proceeded to vanquish a large portion of the neighboring satrapies. The term satrap is gotten from the Old Persian kshathrapavan, which means gatekeeper of the domain. In present day English use, it can likewise mean an authoritarian lesser ruler or a degenerate manikin pioneer.

Analyzing TM Berhad using Bolman and Deal’s Four Frames :: essays research papers

Bolman and Deal’s Four Frames: Case Report 1.0     Introduction The motivation behind this paper is to break down TM Berhad utilizing Bolman and Deal’s four casings, according to figure 1 beneath. Bolman and Deal recommends that ‘Leaders like every other person, see their encounters through a lot of preconditioned focal points and filters’ (Bolman and Deal, 1991, p 510) (Adjusted from Bolman and Deal, 1997) In this paper, we have analyzed our organization of decision, TM Berhad, using every one of these four edges as a â€Å"spectacle† to decide the administration approach of its administration, and afterward enumerating the more unmistakable of the casings utilized. TM Berhad was picked for our case investigation, because of accessibility of information from critical inclusion on the organization granted by the media. 2.0     Telekom Berhad (â€Å"TM†)- Profile TM is a legislature connected enterprise, through its significant investor Khazanah Malaysia (Khazanah), the Malaysian Government’s primary speculation vehicle. It is a significant segment of the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange Berhad Composite Index. In 2004, another Group Chief Executive Officer, Dato Abdul Wahid canister Omar was named by Khazanah under a general redo exercise of the GLCs. TM is the principle across the nation supplier of media transmission administrations. It has x no of auxiliaries and works in three center working zones of: †¢ Telco-Its center media transmission business †¢ Telekom Multimedia-Develops new media organizations †¢ ServiceCo-Oversees operational exercises, for example, armada and property the executives. The fixed line business and private telephone utilities remain the center business of TM. TM’s association diagram is portrayed in figure 2 underneath: Figure 2 3.0â â â â â Four â€Frame Analysis Our four-outline investigation (Figure 3 above) uncovers that TM, similar to some other current enormous partnership, puts overwhelming accentuation on the basic casing. Other casing components are additionally present, for instance, vocation advancement and preparing programs are proof of HR outline use, just as arrangement of a re-marking exercise and other emblematic customs to give representative casing components. We may likewise make surmisings that the political edge is additionally in play from plan setting, equivocalness and vulnerability brought about by the defense and redesign prompting shortage of assets and interior clash, and consenting to of an aggregate arrangement to signify haggling and exchange. We have decided to concentrate our nitty gritty investigation on the more unmistakable auxiliary edge. 4.0     Structural Frame Analysis Bolman and Deal list six suppositions behind the Structural Frame. 1) Organizations exist to accomplish set up objectives and targets. 2) Organizations work best when objectivity beats individual inclinations and outside weights. 3) Structures must be intended to fit authoritative conditions.

The movie essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The film - Essay Example It is essential to note and notice that the all the ideological groups, the Republicans and the Democrats are never ready to cross the walkway or bargain their intense political position to the detriment of national issues and great. A pragmatic occurrence of this circumstance as inscribed in the motion pictures shows a Republican individual from the houses bothering down President Obama. At the extremely least, he should have demonstrated regard and worship to the head of state, yet the way that he irritates shows the degree of narrow mindedness, intense position and abhor along ideological group lines. The film additionally clarifies the animosity or hard to concur or bargain to the way that the chosen legislators assemble in rallies to vent out contempt towards to their rivals of other various gatherings. In this way, the film speaks to the degree of narrow mindedness by the general population because of ideological group reliability. It is along these lines safe to declare and make reference to that it is the ideological groups which got use â€Å"here.† Specifically, it is the Republican Party and the Democratic Party which got the political scene and condition to be that warmed and troublesome. It is the ideological groups that are likewise capable and equipped for getting the nation out of the sharp situation. Getting a model from an earlier time, where ideological groups would have their individuals live in Washington to a state where they were companions and created working relationship. In the seventies and eighties, all the congress individuals paying little mind to their ideological groups lived in Washington for a significant stretch of time to the degree where they tore down their political asperity and extreme position (Iyengar and Hahn, 19). As a cure, the film implies that the ideological groups should mitigate their steadfastness of ideological groups and bargain on issues of pertinence and n ational significance. The media and web by augmentation has additionally assisted with powering the political partition

What Is Psychoanalytic Therapy

What Is Psychoanalytic Therapy Psychotherapy Print What Is Psychoanalytic Therapy? The Process, Benefits, and Possible Downsides of Psychoanalytic Therapy By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on January 11, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 13, 2019 Alberto Ruggieri / Illustration Works / Getty Images More in Psychotherapy Online Therapy In This Article Table of Contents Expand Overview History Effectiveness Benefits Downsides Conditions Success Rates Other Treatments Finding a Therapist View All Back To Top Psychoanalytic therapy is one of the most well-known treatment modalities, but it is also one of the most misunderstood by mental health consumers. The goal of psychoanalytic therapy is to help patients better understand the unconscious forces that can play a role in current behaviors, thoughts, and emotions. This type of therapy is based upon the theories and work of  Sigmund Freud, who founded the school of thought known as psychoanalysis. What Is Psychoanalytic Therapy? Freud described the unconscious as the reservoir of desires, thoughts, and memories that are below the surface of conscious awareness. He believed that it was these unconscious influences that could often lead to psychological distress and disturbances. Psychoanalytic therapy looks at how the  unconscious mind  influences thoughts and behaviors. Psychoanalysis frequently involves looking at early childhood experiences in order to discover how these events might have shaped the individual and how they contribute to current actions. The History of Psychoanalytic Therapy Psychoanalytic theory grew out of the work of the famous psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud who began developing his therapeutic techniques in the late 1800s. In 1885, Freud began to study and work with Jean-Martin Charcot at the Salpêtrière in Paris. Charcot used  hypnosis  to treat women suffering from what was then known as  hysteria. Symptoms of the illness included partial paralysis, hallucinations, and nervousness. Freud continued to research hypnotism in treatment, but his work and friendship with colleague Josef Breuer led to the development of his most famous therapeutic technique. Breuer described his treatment of a young woman, known in the case history as  Anna O., whose symptoms of hysteria were relieved by talking about her traumatic experiences. Freud and Breuer collaborated on a book called  Studies on Hysteria  and Freud continued to develop his use of this talk therapy. This approach proposed that simply talking about problems could help relieve psychological distress. How Does Psychoanalytic Therapy Work? Psychoanalytic therapists generally spend time listening to patients talk about their lives, which is why this method is often referred to as the talking cure. The therapy provider will look for patterns or significant events that may play a role in the clients current difficulties. Psychoanalysts believe that childhood events and unconscious feelings, thoughts, and motivations play a role in mental illness and maladaptive behaviors. Techniques Used in Psychoanalytic Therapy Psychoanalytic therapy also makes use of other techniques including free association, exploration of transference, observing defenses and feelings patients may not be aware of, as well as  dream interpretation. The Psychoanalytic Process People undergoing psychoanalytic therapy often meet with their therapist at least once a week and may remain in therapy for a number of weeks, months, or even years. Through this process, the hope is that people will be able to gain insight and awareness of the unconscious forces that contribute to their current mental state. Treatment Can Be Intensive Patients may sometimes find that psychoanalysis can be quite intense and personal. It involves talking a great deal about past experiences, relationships, and feelings. This can also lead to feelings of discomfort as unconscious forces are brought to light. While the process can sometimes result in uneasiness, it can also be a great way to gain insight and deal with feelings that are difficult to put into words.?? Dealing With Unconscious Forces This approach to therapy often involves provoking emotional responses and overcoming defense mechanisms. Success often hinges on the ability to confront potentially stressful or triggering past experiences. Gaining insight into your feelings, behaviors, and experiences can help you better understand the unconscious forces that continue to exert and influence on your actions, your relationships, and your sense of self. Psychoanalytic therapy may also help you learn techniques for coping when future problems arise. Rather than falling back on unhealthy defenses, you may be better able to recognize your feelings and deal with them in a constructive manner. What Are the Benefits of Psychoanalytic Therapy? As with any approach to mental health treatment, psychoanalytic therapy can have its pluses and minuses. The degree to which these potential benefits and pitfalls influence the choice to use this approach depends on a variety of factors including the individuals preferences and severity of symptoms. In the last few decades, there has been significant research validating this approach’s benefits. The therapist offers an empathetic and nonjudgmental environment where the client can feel safe in revealing feelings or actions that have led to stress and difficulties in his or her life. Often, simply sharing these burdens in the context of a therapeutic relationship can have a beneficial influence. Furthermore, it has been shown that this type of self-examination can lead to continued emotional growth over time. What Are the Downsides to Psychoanalytic Therapy? As with all treatment methods, there are also potential downsides that should be considered. Costs Costs are often cited as the biggest downside of psychoanalytic therapy. Many clients are in therapy for years, so the financial costs associated with this treatment modality can be potentially very high. Time This  type of therapy  has had critics who claim that psychoanalytic therapy is too time-consuming, expensive, and generally ineffective. Some such as Noam Chomsky and Karl Popper suggested that psychoanalysis lacked a scientific basis. Misconceptions of this type of treatment are often connected to some of the earlier, more classical Freudian applications of psychoanalytic treatment. What Conditions Can Psychoanalysis Treat? Psychoanalysis may be used to treat a number of different psychological conditions. Some of the concerns that can be treated using psychoanalytic therapy include: Obsessive-compulsive disorderDepressionPsychosomatic disordersPhobiasAnxietyIdentity problemsEmotion struggles or traumaSelf-destructive behaviorRelationship issuesSexual problems People who are likely to benefit from this form of therapy are often those who have been experiencing symptoms for some time. Long-term symptoms of anxiety, depressed mood, and behaviors that have a negative impact on functioning and enjoyment of life are some possible reasons why people might choose to try psychoanalytic therapy. What Are the Success Rates of Psychoanalysis? While some critics have derided the success rates of psychoanalytic therapy, recent research suggests that this treatment modality can be an effective treatment for a range of issues.?? Psychoanalytic Therapy Is Effective at Symptom Reduction One review of the effectiveness of long-term psychoanalytic therapies found moderate to large success rates for reducing symptoms of a variety of psychopathologies. Another large-scale study looking found that short-term psychoanalytic therapy was effective for general symptom improvement. In addition to these general improvements, the review also found that the psychoanalytic treatment led to lasting improvements in symptoms of somatic symptoms, depressive symptoms, and anxiety symptoms. Psychoanalytic Therapy Leads to Lasting Improvements Patients who receive psychoanalytic treatment retain these gains and may continue to improve even after treatment ends. A 2010 review published in American Psychologist found that the scientific evidence supports that psychodynamic therapy was as effective as other evidence-based treatments. How Does Psychoanalysis Differ From Other Treatments? What makes psychoanalytic therapy different from other forms of treatment? A review of the research comparing psychodynamic approaches to cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) identified seven features that set the psychoanalytic approach apart.?? The focus on emotions and how they are expressed. Where CBT is centered on cognitions and behaviors, psychoanalytic therapy explores the full range of emotions that a patient is experiencing.The exploration of avoidance. People often avoid certain feelings, thoughts, and situations that they find distressing. Understanding what patients are avoiding can help the therapist and client better explore why such avoidance comes into play.The identification of recurring patterns and themes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. In some cases, people are aware of such repetitious actions but may be unable to break out of these unhealthy or destructive patterns. At other times, patients are not aware of how such patterns influence their behaviors.The emphasis on talking about past experiences. Other therapies often focus more on the here-and-now, or how current thoughts and behaviors influence how a patient functions. The psychoanalytic approach helps the patient explore their past and underst and how it affects both the present and future.The exploration of interpersonal relationships. Through the therapy process, patients are able to explore their relations with others, both current and past.The focus on the therapy relationship itself. Because psychoanalytic therapy is so personal, the relationship between the therapist and the patient is an important part of the treatment process.Exploring the patients fantasy life. Where other therapies are often highly structured and goal-oriented, psychoanalytic therapy allows the patient to explore freely. Patients are free to give voice to fears, desires, dreams, and other urges that they have never spoken of before. Tips for Finding a Psychoanalytic Therapist If psychoanalytic therapy sounds like it might be right for you, there are some things you can do to find a therapist in your area. The first step is to begin looking for a therapist who specializes in this form of treatment. How can you find a qualified psychoanalytic therapist? Talk to your doctor. Asking your primary care physician for recommendations is a good first step. Your doctor can also put you in touch with a referral service if needed.Ask a friend. Friends who have had a good experience with psychoanalytic treatment can also be another good source of recommendations.Look online. If you do not have a good referral from someone you know, there are a number of online therapist networks and directories that can point you in the right direction. Once you have identified a potential therapist, make a call to set up an initial consultation. During this consultation, you can further explore if psychoanalytic therapy is the right approach for you. A Word From Verywell Psychoanalytic therapy is just one mental health treatment approach that you may want to consider. This approach may provide benefits that might be well-suited to your particular situation, but always talk to your doctor or therapist to determine which  psychotherapy  method might be the most effective for your individual needs. Try Online Psychotherapy with These Online Therapy Programs

Factors influencing the various Compensation Packages - Free Essay Example

The main purpose of this project is to describe about compensation packages and factors influencing in this packages. And also discuss the impact of staff turnover and the employee absenteeism ratio which effecting the organisational productivity. Bangladesh is a developing country. According to UNDPs Human Development Report 2007/2008 Bangladeshs rank is 140th out of 177 countries. In Bangladesh, 40% of total population lives below the poverty line. In other report of Bangladesh Garments Manufacturer and Exporters Association (BGMEA), 2007 it shows that garments sector provides maximum export (76%) of total export in Bangladesh and 1.7% of total population of Bangladesh is working in Garments industries. Ready made garments exports mainly are doing in the European market US market. The ratios of exports are 49% to European Market, 33% to the US market rest (18%) to other countries. In a report shows that due to a strong demand for skilled labour combined with insufficient wage and discontinuity of payment, dissatisfaction of job, bad attitude in job etc. there is high level of migration of workers between factory to factory, and the average turnover is around 20% and absenteeism ratio is also increasing. Methodology: Secondary data is the main source of d ata of this project. I collected information from internet, journal about Bangladesh labour issue, some local magazine and newspaper, and books of human resource management. This project is based on exploratory research. I share my personal experience in based on my previous work. Literature Review: According to Bratton (2007) Reward refers to all of the monetary, non-monetary and psychological payments that an organization provides for its employees in exchange for the work they perform. So, reward can be wages, pay, money, recognition, compensation, psychological contact, promotion, etc. according to Human capital centre tool box series rewards can be anything which is receiving something in exchange for services or actions. However, the worker is getting return from their employer for the work done, can be describe as rewards and rewards is used for various terms or purpose. Earlier reward used only as the term payment (Torrington et al, 2005) but currently it find as bein g too narrow in extent people do not accept only financial form as a reward on the return of their work, they like to take non-monetary and recognitions for their work (Bratton Gold, 2007). And I used compensation the term as motivational factor. The term compensation is broadly used in the American literature alternative to reward (Torrington et al, 2008; Armstrong, 1998 cited on Bratton Gold, 2007). Moreover, the design of reward systems depends on two factors i.e. economic and social factors. Nowadays managers are forced to improve labour productivity and the quality of the products and services based on the local consumer tastes and different local markets. A better social environment between management and other employees of the organization and employee believe and organizational loyalty, all work to the concept of high-commitment-high-performance work coordinations reward which positively helps to improve the performance of the firm (Paauew, 2004 cited on Bratton Gold 2007). Kessler (2001) identified reward role as performance-related pay which plays vital system within the workforce. Paauwe (2004) state that reward management can be interrupt by the social and psychological factors and reward is a significantly essential in lead to system of impartial distribution. And helps to decision making by creating a employees conception of equality and reliance (Boselie et al, 2001). Due to problematic nature of pay system Brown (1989) describes that the reasonable management of compensation is necessary for the involvement of the adequate management, it is not prerequisite to be satisfy. (Bratton Gold, 2007) Furthermore, Bird and Beechler (1995) cited in Briscoe Schuller (2008) established that employee performance (e.g. morale and turnover rate) in firms that successfully adopted the strategic fit concept was significantly better than in firms that did not do so. Although managerial performance (e.g. profit margin and sales) was also better, the d ifference was not significant. The concept of fit refers mainly to the close linkage of HRM strategies and business strategies in ways that will help retain and motivate employees. Yes it is very good point retain and motivation of employee, as because every organisation aim is finding way to keep there employees. Motivation is one of them; it can be two types money and appraising employee. In most of the case money is main motivational factor for the employee especially in Bangladesh. The reason why money is the main factor then we can see from table 1 about the monthly income of average employee is low and there life status is not much standard based on there income and expenses. So they always looking for better opportunity when ever they got good offer from other company they migrate or switch the company. Main body: Compensation System Analysis: Saiyadain (2006) describes that I am only marking my time in this organization till I get a better paying jobÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦[4] Financial compensation represents a part of total reward system in an organization. Even though for the overall satisfaction of the employees money still plays a significant, more constant and more difficult role. The major responsibilities of HR managers are to give compensation or pay employees for their work and increasing structures of compensation packages. As because a good pay packages helps the organization for talent hiring and retaining employees for long time that necessary for the high productivity (Saiyadain 2006). Determining Compensation: According to Saiyadain (2006) to set the compensation structure is the most complicated and time consuming activity of HR manager. This decision is depends on a numbers of variables which are discussed as bellows: Trade Union: Trade union is one of the im portant variable in determining the levels of compensation because they always pushing organization and force to pay better compensation for the employees. Hiring and retain talent: Better pay structure works significant role in the organization to attract and retain talent employee. A good compensation system helps to influence a great number of applicants where organization may get the opportunity to select the best candidate among them. Region-cum-industry basis compensation: In Bangladesh context organization has to determine compensation structure based on the region-cum-industry. Organization cannot afford to pay less than region-cum-industry due to chance to lose the employees for their better opportunity. And on the other hand organization they are not allowed to give high compensation because the pressure of the other organization. Job security: Some times employees are looking for good reputed organization where jobs are more secured. And they are not giving prefe rences which are providing high compensation but hire-fire is the regularly happened in the organization. Ability to pay: Ability to pay is also a factor in determining the compensation. Sometimes organization is not affordable to pay high compensation due to the size and profitability of the organization. The Civil Rights Act 1964 or Equal Pay Act: The civil rights act which is determine the standard minimum wages of the employee based on living expenses and life status. This law also covers not to discriminate man or woman in the workplace who are doing same values and equivalent job. Methods for Determining Compensation: Saiyadain (2006) describes there are two broadly uses methods for determining compensation such as salary survey and job evaluation. These are discusses as follows: 1. Salary survey: HR manager can determine compensation by conducting a survey in similar industries for similar positions. It is quick and less expensive way to determine compensation. Th is survey could be done at two levels such as organizational and professional levels. In the organizational level the HRM department responsibility to undertake a study to find out equivalent compensation package in the similar industries. They can collect data from different source for example checking with HR managers of similar industries, collect information about compensation packages from newspaper advertisement and electronic media including websites for related jobs in similar industries. In addition HR department also can arrange a formal salary survey to determine compensation. However organization can determine compensation with the help of professional consultants who are expert in this sector. They use variety of technique to suggest compensation package (Saiyadain 2006). 2. Job Evaluation: Bloom (1998) cited on Torrington et al. (2002) describes job evaluation is a systematic process designed to aid an establishment in establishing differentials across jobs within a single employerÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ The culmination of this appraisal process is a hierarchy of jobs denoting their relative complexity and value to the organization. This method is the way to build up a connection between the employee contribution and compensation for this contribution. It is a good method to evaluate employee skills and also helps to show the best performance in a job. Job evaluation is the best way to observe the outcomes of skills, capabilities, measures the responsibilities and work environment which is closely related to the best performance. Basically it does not set the value of job but it gives foundation for it. And this is a performance appraisal technique which helps to improve the job descriptions and requirement (Saiyadain 2006). According to Saiyadain (2006) there are four methods of job evaluation. These are ranking method, job classification, point system and Factor comparison system. These methods are discusses as below: Ranking met hod: This method is the simplest method of job evaluation. In this method the whole job is being categories based on the difficulty level. For example in garments industries employer segments operator in 4 different levels such as Tr. Operator, Jr. operator, operator and Sr. operator. They categories based on the skills and experience but there is not specific way to indicate the performance levels. It is only showing the difficulty levels of the jobs. Job Classification: This method is identifies the classes, categories and grades of job. This is a grading systems of job for example in garments industries there are some operation which are important for making garments but normally anybody can not do that process with maintaining target. In this method it classified or grades the operation such as A grades, B grades, and C grades operation and performance ranges such as above 80% is very good, 60% 79% good, 40% 59% average and below 40% is poor. This is the good method of clas sify operators grades. Point System: It is a most practical method of job evaluation as because operator in garments industries may have variety of skills. Each segmented operations are important in the garment industry with 100% target and this is important for the company productivity. One operator can do several good categories operation with 100% target or some average operations with 100% target but on the other hand one can do several good categories operation but only can give the 60% 80% target in that case point system is the best way to evaluate operators performance and influence to improve their performance. Factor Comparison System: This is a complicated and expensive method due to it required consultation of professionals and specialists for judgment and assessment of jobs. In this method it compared the money value of one factor in one job with the money value of the same factor in other job. This is a more suitable method because it is structured based on the well-known compensation systems (Saiyadain 2006). Labour turnover analysis: Some consultants, academics and management gurus states that There are no longer any jobs for lifeÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦[3] Torrington et al. (2002) argued about the impact of staff turnover rates is depends on the organization to organisaiton. In some organization is successful in business with high turnover rates which are impractical to function in other sector due to the different in operation and difficult to replace skill workers. For example in some chains of fast food restaurants are generally managing business and become successful with turnover rates in excess of 300 percent that means standard occupancy for each employee is only four months (Ritzer 1996; Cappelli 2000). On the other hand, in a professional service organization where personal relation is more important between employees and clients to organizational success, it is badly hampered to the organization if the turnover rate s are excess of 10 percent. Bevan (1991) cited on Bratton Gold (2007) indicates several causes for high staff turnover. He identified that pay in not only the reason for staff turnover and there are some other factors works on that issue. They are follows: Employee expectation: The employees expectations are not matching with the job such as bonus, benefits, holidays and etc (Torrington et al 2002). That factors causes dissatisfaction of job. It is more likely happened with the new employees of the organization. A lack of attention: Employees are found that managers are not giving attention to them and they are not providing supporting training to develop themselves. For that reason they are not well perform in the job. Work environment: Work environment is not friendly with the employee such as lack of freedom in work, limited responsibility, no challenging environment and there are no innovative works within the organization. Appraisal system: Some organization doe snt have the proffer evaluation systems. So employees are disappointing with the unfair promotion and worried about the development opportunities system. Management system: Due to unskilled management and their unfair treatment with the employees and lack of knowledge of how to motivate employee. Gregg and Wadsworth (1999) cited in Torrington et al. (2002) demonstrate in their study of 870,000 workers starting new jobs in 1992 out of that 17 per cent had left within three months and 42 per cent within 12 months. The above discussion of all issues are the main reasons rather than pay issues which depends on the employees, management, the work environment and organizational systems what welcomes staff turnover rates in the organization. Saiyadain (2006) point out that I changed my previous job to this because it pays wellÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦[4]. So pay is the crucial issues for quitting job. According to Torrington et al. (2002) there is some argument in the reten tions literature about raising pay levels reduces staff turnover. In one side some researcher found that usually, employers who offer the most attractive reward packages to the employees have lower turnover rates than those who pay poorly (Gomez-Mejia and Balkin 1992), for that reason many organization uses pay rates as their major weapon in retaining employee (Cappelli 2000; IRS 2000a; IRS 2000b cited on Torrington et al. 2002). On other research based on questionnaire suggests that pay is a good deal and less important than other factors in a decision to quit ones job (Bevan et al. 1997; Hiltrop 1999 cited on Torrington et al. 2002). In a study Sturges and Guest (1999) cited on Torrington et al. (2002) point out that in the field of graduate employment pay rising is not vital factors for quitting job that only resulting greater job satisfactions but they wants more challenges and innovation within the job roles. In addition, a result of research cited on Torrington et al. (2002 ) appears to verify the views of Herzberg (1996) where he indicates pay as hygiene factor rather than a motivator. Therefore it shows as a cause of dissatisfaction at work, other than not of positive job satisfaction. People who are not get paid well by the employer they automatically motivated to leave the job but if they satisfy about their pay, the additional benefits do not effect to change their mind to quit job. Absenteeism analysis: In everyday life employees need a little extra effort to come to work in an emergency. A little little problem makes a tremendous impact on work attendance such as problem with bicycle, a drizzle, a small tiff with spouse and several such types of incident. But it depends on satisfaction or dissatisfaction of work and for the dissatisfied worker these minor problems becomes the major issues for missing from work on the other hand for the satisfied worker is totally irrelevant. However, it causes extra cost to cover this situation. An organizati on has to recruit extra manpower or retaining large number of manpower as they required due to the increasing rates of the fact of absenteeism. Bhatia and Valecha (1978) cited on Saiyadain (2006) defines that organization has to retain extra 10 per cent workforce of the total workforce. However, there are several definition of absenteeism are available and most of them are describes absenteeism as absence from work when one is expected to work. Absence from work could be happened several reasons such as inability or unwillingness to come to the works. Any absence with prior notice or approval did not count as absenteeism only unexpected sickness or injury is counted as absent. Moreover, According to Sinha and Nair (1965) cited on Saiyadain (2006) study on absenteeism shows that the lower job satisfaction is causes the higher rates of absenteeism. They classified their research based on respondents in two groups as low absentee and high absentee group. Their result also points out that low absence groups are more satisfy with their job than the high absence group. Case analysis: Pacific Jeans Ltd. is one of the leading garment industries in Bangladesh. They are working with world renowned buyers like GAP, HM, NEXT, Lee, Wrangler etc. This company introduced modern technology with high-tech machine which is ensured high quality product and increases there production upto 20% annually. Up to year 2004 they use to set compensation packages without any job evaluation process. They only were taking the recommendation from manager to determine compensation of the employee. But that was not fair system and it was badly affected to the employee. Due to that unfair system operators turnover and absenteeism ratio was surprisingly increases where company loosing there productivity and efficiency. For finding the solution of that company introduces a new team whose duty is to find out the problem and give the best solution for that. However, this team introduce s operator ranking method of job evaluation like Tr. operator, Jr. operator, operator and Sr. operator where any have chance to go any categories with showing high performance. They also introduce process or operation classification method like A B C grades based on the difficulty of the operation. Therefore every operator was motivated himself to do good grades operation which helps him/her to promote themselves. Moreover, the team finds out the solution about the new operator recruitment process which helps to select the best and necessary operator the team. They taking cycle time (cycle time is observed time of a process how long it takes to complete the operation) of operation (at least 10 cycle) with the help of stop watch which the operator knows best and calculate the capacity of the new operator with giving 10% 20% allowance (for example bobbin change, needle broken, thread cut etc.) based on the operation categories (see appendix I). Based on his/her capacity and doing which grades operation it can easily identify the ranking of operator and determine the compensation package. It is fair judgments system for the operator. So far that is best and fair way to evaluate the operator. As a result of fair evaluation system and compensation packages operators are motivated to do best performance and reduces the absenteeism and turnover rates that lead to high job satisfaction to the employees. Conclusion: Compensation is a crucial issue for the employee. If an employee is not well compensated for his contribution then s/he is not happy in his job. So it guides employees to increases absenteeism and turnover. There is a proverb that money is sweater than honey. Every body in any organization is work for survival for the fittest especially in the developing country or poor country. From the analysis of compensation system it could see that how fair judgment effecting employee mind and motivate the employee turn into satisfaction or dissatisfaction of jo b. Human Resource Management is playing a vital role in an organization to change all the factors by taking some necessary steps about employee motivation. Finally it can say that good compensation packages for employee works as motivational factors in an organization while it reduces absenteeism and turnover rates in an organization on the other hand it also helps to increases company productivity.

Eating Disorders in Sports - 1405 Words

Introduction General Background The occurrence of eating disorders are a serious problem worldwide. A major problem with this disease, abnormal eating behaviour that can threaten your health or even your life,(1) is that the mortality prevalence rates are highest among those who are not under professional care: per 100 000 females, 370 die suffering from Anorexia Nervosa and 1500 women with Bulimia die.(2) The worldwide prevalence of eating disorders among athletes, 0-19% for men, and 6-45% for women, is higher than the prevalence within the general population.(3) According to the Trimbos Institute, the presence of an eating disorder at some point in time for Dutch civilians is 0.7%.(4) However no specific prevalence numbers are available†¦show more content†¦Also, in some sports, eating disorder pathology does occur less. What factors in those type of sports might protect an athlete from eating disordered behaviour? Finally, could the intensity level of exercising be determinative for the presence of eati ng disorder pathology? Study aim and design This study focuses on the presence of eating disorder pahtology in a convenient Dutch sample of athletes. By comparing athletes within different fields of sport and a variety in intensity of that sport, a possible relation can be investigated. It is crucial to determine whether someone shows signs of eating disorder pathology. Due to the fact that there is no information yet about the presence of eating disorder pathology among Dutch athletes, this study first aims to give an indication of that presecne. To tackle the (further) development of eating disorders in the future, it is important to know whether different types of sports have different impacts on eating behaviour and body weight of the athletes. Also, it is interesting to know if the intensity of sport practice is related. This study aims to give insights in these questions. Delimitation This study cannot give insights in causal relations due to the cross sectional design. Also, no clear cut-off points are used to determine whether any of the participants shows signs of eating disorder pathology. Methods Study Design Only one moment in time is available forShow MoreRelatedEating Disorders Has Affected The Lives Of Many Athletes Around The World1546 Words   |  7 PagesEating disorders have affected the lives of many athletes around the world. Being scared of being overweight but rather caused by an addiction to food can result in the development of an eating disorder. There are several reasons as to why someone may have an eating disorder such as the sports they play or even the worldly view of how an ideal body is supposed to be. They have an effect on the person’s health and also on their social interactions with others. 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